The Interactive Framework of Literacy Coaching and Guiding Inquiry  

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“Coaching seems to be the right term to use for this supportive work with teachers, especially if we think about the definition of a coach as an individual who provides guidance and feedback that enables someone else to become more proficient,” Bean and Goatley (2021). Reading Specialists are often asked to coach teachers and other professionals. There are two schools of thought in the realm of Literacy Coaching as presented by Bean and Goatley (2021) and Rodgers & Rodgers, (2007). Bean and Goatley (2021), identifies Interactive Framework for Instruction Coaching whereas Rodgers & Rodgers, (2007) discuss Guiding Inquiry. How do these two approaches compare to each other? In this paper, I will discuss if these two approaches affect my own Teacher Leadership Project. 

Bean and Goatley (2021) identify Interactive Framework for Instruction Coaching. This consists of three important components: The coaching model, the context, and the coach. This process relies on many different aspects of each component. How much experience does the coach have, what coaching model is the school using, and in what context is the coaching occurring?  

Rodgers & Rodgers (2007), discuss guiding inquiry as a coaching approach. The coaching is based on asking questions or investigation. In this approach, teachers learn how to change and evolve their teaching practices though asking questions and exploring their own skills. According to Rodgers & Rodgers (2007), change cannot be mandated. There are times when certain things are mandated, such as government policies and reforms, but changing how someone teaches needs to come from within.  

“In Fullan’s reasoning, simple changes such as using new, updated forms or revising the dates for ongoing monitoring of student progress probably can be mandated without too much trouble, but changes to how and what we teach are much more complex and likely to fall if simply mandated,” Rodgers & Rodgers, (2007). Changes such as these, need to come from within. It is difficult to get seasoned teachers to accept change. This is one of the reasons why Guiding inquiry is used in these cases. When the teachers lead the change and are invested in it, their ideas will have a better chance of being accepted.  

In my experience as an English Teacher, the only person who was involved in the coaching aspect was our curriculum specialist. She would observe us teaching 3 times a year. Then then we would meet with her to discuss the areas we performed well and areas we needed to improve on. These 3 observations are required by the State of New Jersey, but an individual teacher could request more observations if they wanted. I did this my first few years of teaching. I knew I needed more help and that I could become a better, more effective, teacher. Sometimes it’s difficult to hear the negative, but we need to be able to put that aside so we can grow as a teacher and reach our students.  

The Interactive Framework for Instruction Coaching breaks down how coaching is done. Whereas guided inquiry is a coaching model. There are many other coaching models that schools can choose from. My school uses the guided inquiry method. 

Recently at my school we implemented Professional Learning Communities. All teachers are in PLC and each group gets to decide what they want to present. This follows the Guided Inquiry model as the teachers are deciding, asking questions, and researching. The issue I see in this is that some things that need to be addressed are not being addressed because the teachers decide what gets explored. Instead of the teachers coming up with a list of things to discuss, this should be open to everyone who works with students such as classroom aides, personal aides, therapist and Reading Specialist.  

References 

Bean, R. M., Goatley, V.J. (2021).  The Literacy Specialist. Leadership and coaching for the classroom, school, and community.  4th ed (374 pgs) Guildford Press.  

Rodgers, A., & Rodgers, E. M. (2007). The Effective Literacy Coach: Using Inquiry to Support Teaching and Learning. Teachers College, Columbia University. 

Best Practices in Planning Interventions for Students With Reading Problems

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Before COVID-19, some students struggled with reading. However, in our post-COVID world, we have seen an increase in students who are not meeting grade-level benchmarks and need more intensive reading interventions.

Most students struggle with reading at some point, but the majority respond well to typical classroom instruction and interventions.  “Yet some students with the most severe reading difficulties do not make adequate progress in standard reading interventions and require more intensive interventions to make sufficient growth in reading, (Al Otaiba, McMaster, & Wanzek, 2020). Even though some students need specialized instruction to make significant progress in reading, all students can learn to read. This is important because many students feel that not being able to read well reflects a lack of intelligence, which simply isn’t true.  Students who need extra support can benefit from a more intensive reading program. Such programs provide more time for practice and more frequent teacher feedback, which are both essential components of successful learning.

The first step is for teachers to identify students who need more intensive intervention.  They can achieve this by using the Response to Intervention (RTI) model or a Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS). Most times normal classroom instruction is considered Tier 1 includes high-quality core instruction for all students. Tier 2 provides additional support for students who need it, such as small group instruction or supplemental activities. Tier 3 offers the most intensive support for students who continue to struggle after Tier 1 and Tier 2 interventions. It’s important to implement these steps in order before moving a student to Tier 3.  

 When implementing RTI or MTSS, teachers continuously assess student understanding to determine reading level and pinpoint areas needing improvement. These frequent assessments and progress monitoring are crucial for providing targeted practice, feedback, and placing students in appropriate reading groups with engaging books. Ultimately, this data-driven process guides teachers in selecting the most effective interventions to help students achieve reading success.

 The article “Best Practices in Planning Interventions for Students With Reading Problems” highlights various intensive interventions, while reading groups typically focus on exploring a wider range of reading instruction strategies. Some examples of these intensive interventions include explicit instruction, systematic instruction with specialized and corrective feedback, and cognitive process strategies.

 According to Reading Rockets, two categories of students struggle with reading: those with a discrepancy between their IQ and reading achievement, and those with both low academic ability and low reading achievement. Importantly, regardless of the category, all students can learn to read with the right interventions.

“Poor readers with word recognition difficulties generally over-rely on textual cues such as pictures and other words to identify words in a passage that are unknown to them” (Kim & Goetz, 1994).

 “Overusing textual cues to identify unknown words reduces the likelihood of transforming unknown words into sight words” (Pressley, 1998).  Students with autism sometimes struggle with this as they get used to the repetitive sound of the letters and then have a difficult time transferring those sounds into words.

Once school psychologists and teachers have decided who needs to be in what level of intervention, they then need to look into what type of strategies work the best.   

References

Al Otaiba, S., McMaster, K. L., & Wanzek, J. (2020). Intensive Reading Interventions for the Elementary Grades. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Joseph, L. (n.d.). Best Practices in Planning Interventions for Students with Reading Problems. Reading Rockets. [doi number, if available]

Kim, Y. H., & Goetz, E. T. (1994). Context Effects on Word Recognition and Compensatory Hypothesis. Reading Research Quarterly, 29, 178–188.

Lerner, J. W. (1993). Learning disabilities: Theories, Diagnosis, and Teaching Strategies. Dallas, TX: Houghton Mifflin.

Pressley, M. (1998). Reading instruction that works: The case for balanced teaching. New York: Guilford.

Juggling Motherhood and Education: A 14-Year Grad School Journey

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Juggling Motherhood and Education: A 14-Year Grad School Journey

In the fall of 2011, the same semester my daughter Zelda arrived, I embarked on a marathon of a journey: graduate school. Balancing motherhood with academics, I meticulously chipped away, taking one class a year whenever time and finances allowed. Now, a remarkable 14 years later, I’m just two classes shy of the finish line, aiming to graduate in May 2025 – a quarter-century after my undergraduate degree!

Last year, caring for a sick Zelda meant putting studies on hold. While this resulted in a reapplication, it also gave me the opportunity to update my essay and showcase the valuable experiences I’ve gained since first applying. With only two classes remaining and a near-perfect 3.8 GPA (those pesky B+’s!), I’m confident and excited to return and finish strong.

Essay

Juggling motherhood, a teaching career, and a passion for writing has instilled in me a unique set of skills that I believe would make me a valuable addition to your graduate program. Throughout this journey, I’ve honed my patience, communication skills, and the ability to manage multiple priorities effectively. My inherent desire to nurture and inspire extends beyond the classroom, motivating me to pursue knowledge and growth in my own life as well.

My passion for teaching bloomed early. Even as a child, I orchestrated elaborate schools with my stuffed animals and younger siblings. This early interest, however, was unknowingly shaped by a challenging childhood. While my childhood memories painted a picture of a loving home, the reality was far harsher. My parents faced significant financial struggles, and their eventual illness when I was eleven turned my world upside down.

Grief, confusion, and academic struggles followed. Building friendships and finding meaning in life presented immense challenges. However, during this difficult time, dedicated teachers, a supportive youth pastor, and ultimately, my adoptive parents became beacons of hope. Their guidance and unwavering compassion fostered a sense of security and reignited my passion for learning.

The loss of my biological parents remains a source of bittersweet reflection. They instilled in me a deep appreciation for family, and I strive to be the kind of mother and teacher they would be proud of. This unwavering desire for growth fuels my pursuit of knowledge and motivates me to seek out new ways to facilitate learning. I yearn to connect with my students on a deeper level, demonstrate genuine care, and equip them with the latest technological and pedagogical tools for success.

With my diverse experiences, honed skills, and unwavering dedication, I am confident I will be an excellent addition to your teaching program.